Privacy and Security Risks for the Electronic Health Record

In most cases privacy and security risks apply to both paper and electronic records. With the growing demand for the electronic health record (EHR) system, the transfer from paper to electronic can be risky. For this project we were asked to compare and contrast the security issues between maintenance of paper medical records and the EHR system, also we were asked to discuss what requirements and issues need to be considered when doing a conversion to an EHR. Inappropriate access is one of the most common ways a patient’s record is at risk. In paper records the risk could happen by a non-authorized person achieving access to record storage areas or finding records left wide open on a counter. Other ways of inappropriate access is files†¦show more content†¦One reason why facilities still use paper records is because a â€Å"paper record can be collected and locked away safely were the EHR system is always vulnerable to hackers† (Feigenbaum, 2011). And for the most part it is true, in 2006 the eHealth Vulnerability Reporting Program â€Å"found that basic hacking skills would be sufficient to enter a system, retrieve data and make changes, such as altering medication dosages or deleting records† (Ferris, 2007). Today most of the EHR systems are still at risk of hackers but security to the EHR has gotten a lot better over time. It might seem that the paper file is the way to go, but with some people their opinion is different. The EHR system supply’s caregivers with all of their patient information they need, in a way they can apply it (Thakkar Dacis, 2006). Some of the benefits to the EHR system are â€Å"fewer chart pulls, Improved efficiency of handling telephone messages and medication refills, Improved billing, Reduced transcription costs, Increased formulary compliance and clearer prescriptions leading to fewer pharmacy call backs, and improved coding of visits† (Potential Benefits of an EHR, 2011). The EHR also has benefits for the quality of care with a patient, which includes â€Å"easier preventive care, point-of-care decision support, remote access to patient information, easier chronic disease management and integration of evidence-based clinical guidelines† (Potential Benefits of an EHR, 2011). Another way that the EHRShow MoreRelatedElectronic Medical Records1152 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic Health Records: Are They Worth the Risk? October 18, 2009 Health care is a hot topic in today’s society- everything from reforming the industry so that people are not denied health coverage to finding ways that patients’ medical records can be accessed electronically for more convenience. Moreover, epidemics such as HIV/AIDS spotlights the issues surrounding public health agencies use of maintenance and storage of electronic health records (EHR). Myers, Frieden, Bherwani,Read MoreInformation Technology : An Effective Health Organization Essay1448 Words   |  6 Pages used to transmit, retrieve, and processing data. Information technology is a data communication tool that most or all health organizations or companies use to compute information into a system. Health organization are facilities and agencies that provide health and medical information to clients. There are several different health organizations that consist of hospitals, health maintenance organization, managed care organizations, preferred provider orga nization, etc. The one I would like to discussRead MoreBenefits Of An Ehr For Medical Records1557 Words   |  7 PagesDiscussion Although the general population has concerns about who has the ability to access their medical records, data has been put into place showed that the general population knows that having an EHR would be beneficial (Thede, 2010). Research has suggested that patients, providers and insurance companies have benefited from EHRs because insurance companies do not have to pay for duplicate testing as well as patients and providers having the ability to increase the quality of care that is providerRead MoreSimilarities Between Video 5 And Video 7 Essay1712 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many similarities and differences within the health care system, specifically when it comes to Electronic Health Records (EHR) and its privacy. According to the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services, â€Å"an Electronic Health Record is an electronic version of a patient s medical history, that is maintained by the provider over time, and may include all of the key administrative clinical data relevant t o that person s care under a particular provider, including demographics, progress notesRead MoreAn Electronic Health Record ( Ehr )1315 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The government has been trying to protect patients’ healthcare information since they first introduced The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPPA). Since that time, technology has paved the way for The Electronic Health Record (EHR). Those that promote the usage of the EHR as the standard of care, strongly believe that the risks of privacy are outweighed by the benefits that it brings. These benefits include, but are not limited to: improved patient careRead MoreGuidelines Of Regulations And Emerging Trends Of Privacy And Security Essay984 Words   |  4 PagesWrite a short paper (2-4 pages) discussing regulations and emerging trends in Privacy and Security as they relate to Healthcare Data. New technologies are changing the healthcare by incorporating into the existing infrastructure. Paper-based patient records are converting to electronic format, from this patients can get an access to their record. Even by placing a specialized sensor in patients home make monitoring patient much more feasible. Overall this technology makes an improvement on the qualityRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act ( Hipaa )1171 Words   |  5 Pagessoftware became common place fixtures in any business or health care related profession. While these advances increased workplace efficiency and the ease in which one could access company and patient information, it opened organizations and individuals up to security breaches and unsecured information. Overall, these developments brought to light the need for enhanced security and patient control over medical records and treatment. In 1996, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)Read MoreEssay on Task 4804 Words   |  4 Pagesdeficiencies and is in need of review as many were updated in 2009 and 2010. All information on deficiencies would be found on the latest updated version of the Joint Commission Information Standards. This should be located within the Corporate Compliance/Risk Manager’s office. As this information is not currently available to this writer without a subscription and fee, I must use the information available to me. So expansion and explanation of policy details are limited. In 2010, the policy addressingRead MoreA Report On Bon Secours Mary Immaculate Hospital Essay1557 Words   |  7 PagesHospital identified a security breach in their facility and the course of action taken in an attempt to eradicate the problem. Security breaches are a major subject that must be addressed in the healthcare facility. With healthcare becoming more technology driven it is much easier to access data related to patients, specifically personal health information (PHI). Clearance is also a concern, not everyone in the healthcare facility should have access to a patient’s medical record. In order to protectRead MoreEffective Privacy And Security Safety1442 Words   |  6 PagesHealthcare Privacy Officer Computers have become the database and communication in healthcare, and enable healthcare to make technology advances. Healthcare has come a long way with computers changing nursing and healthcare to become more business-like. Since there is a lot of stored confidential, and protected health information, security issues can arise. Health information should only be accessed by direct caregivers. Employees behavior online in the workplace impacts performance and can have

Essay about Paypal Here B2B Marketing Plan - 21127 Words

PayPal HereTM [pic] 2. Introduction of Group Project 2.1 Company, Offering, and Target Market The company for which this project is based is PayPal Here, a product of PayPal, Inc., which is a subsidiary of eBay, Inc. PayPal Here, which has only had an exclusive release in March 2012, is an innovative mobile payment solution that includes a free mobile application and a triangular plug-in card reader for mobile phones. The mobile business solution was designed to provide small business owners (in-store, off-line, online and on-the-go mobile businesses) a faster, cheaper, and more efficient method to get paid. PayPal Here will allow small businesses to accept multiple forms of†¦show more content†¦It inherited PayPal’s reputation as leader in secure electronic transaction processing. Finally, PayPal Here is a free application; the card reader costs nothing after acceptance into the project, and PayPal charges low flat rates per transaction without the added costs of a monthly fee. Since PayPal is interested in penetrating the mobile market, their goals include the widespread release of PayPal Here since it is currently only in exclusive release. By having its first mobile payment device, they are hopeful that this will be very successful in competing against Square. This will help contribute to the corporate mission and goals because they are continuing to include many different options of payments. Having a mobile payment option will especially be beneficial to small businesses, giving them a variety of different methods for payment. As mentioned above, the corporate mission of PayPal is to be the most secure, cost-effective and convenient payment solution online. By expanding to small businesses in physical locations, that mission can change from just being the best online, to the best online and in physical stores. Section 3 – Industry Dynamics 3.1 - In what stage of the product life cycle (PLC) is the group-project industry? The NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) Code for the project is 522320 as it describes financial transactions processing, reserve, and clearinghouse activities.[4] InShow MoreRelatedCase - Alibaba Group7315 Words   |  30 PagesTaobao (hunting for treasures), Alibabas online marketplace for Chinese retailers and consumers. The longest transoceanic bridge in the world had a long gestation period: the feasibility studies took a decade. and even after their approval the plans changed to connect the northern end of the bridge to Jiaxing, rather than the Jinshan suburb of Shanghai as initially planned. When the bridge was opened to the public just over a year earlier, in May 2008, it cut the trip between the cities of NingboRead Moremanagement information system5281 Words   |  22 PagesMalaysia. They always seek for new ideas and innovations by putting a lot of effort and capital on the RD investment. Next, Maxis Berhad has achieves many awards and recognitions throughout its operations period. There are two awards we have to emphasize here due to these achievements have truly lead them to be more well known. Maxis Berhad has won the prestigious 2011 Global Telecoms Business Innovation Award for the Missed SMS Notification service in the Wireless Network Infrastructure Innovation, SMSRead MoreOnline Business4136 Words   |  17 Pagesworkings of the machine. Application programs are the user commands for the devices to perform specific function. c. Email and Website Account Set-Up d. Training in using your new computer and software Once youve bought your equipment, you are ready to plan, design and built your website. A well-planned and design website will make it easier for you to do business, not only with your costumers but also with your suppliers. You also need to let your current and potential costumers know about your newRead MoreCase Study on Ebay18810 Words   |  76 Pages(eBay) is the world’s largest online auction company and has around 233 million online auction users. The company had revenues of US$ 6 billion in 2006. In addition to providing online auction markets, eBay also has an online payment service called PayPal and a communications business under Skype, which offers voice-over-Internet protocol (VoIP) services. TOM Online Inc. is a Chinese online portal and wireless Internet company. It was the media flagship of Hong Kong-based conglomerate Hutchison WhampoaRead MoreCritical Evaluation of Relevant Issues in E - Commerce2899 Words   |  12 Pagesreaching out more students electronically and students are willing to pay for such education! Although it is omnipresent but we never realize its importance primarily because it is known by different names. People do site promotion, SEO, affiliate marketing, and many other things but the goal is same i.e. to get clients and sell the products or services of the company. E is just a medium to transact online. E-commerce business is done virtually online through either a website or email or some otherRead MoreNature, Scope and Importance of Business Policy5683 Words   |  23 Pagesinterested in then it came to general public and gradually became a substitute for the real market place. Ecommerce, as is generally thought of, is not the birth child of â€Å"The Web† but it just got kick’ started by â€Å"The Web†. Online shopping developed with B2B as well as with B2C since everybody is on internet, and development is going on each and every second for grabbing a better share of the market. Even as we write this article on Ecommerce with our exhaustive research!!! May just be not enough. In thisRead MoreEbay Case Analysis9299 Words   |  38 Pagespossible for us to finish this report. Finally heartfelt appreciations from our parents who made us endure all the times with their warm wishes. Thanks eBay 14th December , 2010 Mr. AbdulQadir Molvi, DEAR Mr. AbdulQadir Molvi: Here is the report on â€Å"eBay†, authorized by Mr. AbdulQadir Molvi, on the month of October 2010 and we are submitting it to you on 14th December, 2010. This report highlights the financial analysis of the case, Porter’s 5 forces Model, SWOT analysis, PestRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesBitcoin Case Study: Online Payment Marketplace: Goat Rodeo CHAPTER 6 E-COMMERCE MARKETING AND ADVERTISING CONCEPTS Opening Case: Video Ads: Shoot, Click, Buy Insight on Business: Are the Very Rich Different From You and Me? Insight on Technology: The Long Tail: Big Hits and Big Misses Insight on Society: Every Move You Take, Every Click You Make, We’ll Be Tracking You Case Study: Instant Ads: Real-Time Marketing on Exchanges continued on back inside cover E -commerce business. technologyRead MoreMenards E-Business Plan3782 Words   |  16 PagesFundamentals of e-Business Menards e-Business Plan Company Description Menards is a chain of home improvement stores in the Midwestern United States. Menards sells building materials, hardware, electrical, wall coverings, plumbing, housewares, floor coverings, cabinets, appliances and much more. Menards is a privately held franchise headquartered in Eau Claire, Wisconsin; the company has 252 stores in 12 states: Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, NebraskaRead MorePaddy Power Essay8261 Words   |  34 PagesBusiness Plan 25/4/13 Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 3 Company Profile ........................................................................................................................... 4 Foundation ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Board of Directors

Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Essay Paper Example For Students

Into The Depths Of A Black Hole Essay Paper Everyday we look out upon the night sky, wondering and dreaming ofwhat lies beyond our planet. The universe that we live in is so diverseand unique, and it interests us to learn about all the variance thatlies beyond our grasp. Within this marvel of wonders our universe holdsa mystery that is very difficult to understand because of the complicationsthat arise when trying to examine and explore the principles of space. That mystery happens to be that of the ever clandestine, black hole. This essay will hopefully give you the knowledge and understandingof the concepts, properties, and processes involved with the spacephenomenon of the black hole. It will describe how a black hole isgenerally formed, how it functions, and the effects it has on the universe. In order to understand what exactly a black hole is, we must firsttake a look at the basis for the cause of a black hole. All black holesare formed from the gravitational collapse of a star, usually having agreat, massive, core. A star is created when huge, gigantic, gas cloudsbind together due to attractive forces and form a hot core, combined fromall the energy of the two gas clouds. This energy produced is so greatwhen it first collides, that a nuclear reaction occurs and the gases withinthe star start to burn continuously. The Hydrogen gas is usually the firsttype of gas consumed in a star and then other gas elements such as Carbon,Oxygen, and Helium are consumed. This chain reaction fuels the star for millions or billions ofyears depending upon the amount of gases there are. The star manages to avoid collapsing at this point because of theequilibrium achieved by itself. The gravitational pull from the core ofthe star is equal to the gravitational pull of the gases forming a type oforbit, however when this equality is broken the star can go into severaldifferent stages. Usually if the star is small in mass, most of the gases will beconsumed while some of it escapes. This occurs because there is not atremendous gravitational pull upon those gases and therefore the starweakens and becomes smaller. It is then referred to as a White Dwarf. If the star was to have a larger mass however, then it may possiblySupernova, meaning that the nuclear fusion within the star simply goesout of control causing the star to explode. After exploding a fractionof the star is usually left (if it has not turned into pure gas) and thatfraction of the star is known as a neutron star. A black hole is one of the last option that a star may take. Ifthe core of the star is so massive (approximately 6-8 solar masses;one solar mass being equal to the suns mass) then it is most likely thatwhen the stars gases are almost consumed those gases will collapse inward,forced into the core by the gravitational force laid upon them. After a black hole is created, the gravitational force continuesto pull in space debris and other type of matters to help add to themass of the core, making the hole stronger and more powerful. Most black holes tend to be in a consistent spinning motion. This motion absorbs various matter and spins it within the ring (known asthe Event Horizon) that is formed around the black hole. The matter keepswithin the Event Horizon until it has spun into the centre where it isconcentrated within the core adding to the mass. Such spinning black holesare known as Kerr Black Holes. .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .postImageUrl , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:visited , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:active { border:0!important; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:active , .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8 .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2746723ddff5ae22816d2b34dbdf4ac8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Toad EssayMost black holes orbit around stars due to the fact that they oncewere a star, and this may cause some problems for the neighbouring stars. If a black hole gets powerful enough it may actually pull a star into itand disrupt the orbit of many other stars. The black hole could thengrow even stronger (from the stars mass) as to possibly absorb another. When a black hole absorbs a star, the star is first pulled into theErgosphere, which sweeps all the matter into the Event Horizon, named forits flat horizontal appearance and because this happens to be the placewhere mostly all the action within the black hole occurs. When the star ispassed on into the Event Horizon the light that the star endures is bentwithin the current and therefore cannot be seen in space. At this exactpoint in time, high amounts of radiation are given off, that with theproper equipment can be detected and seen as an image of a black hole. Through this technique astronomers now believe that they have found a blackhole known as Cygnus X1. This supposed black hole has a huge star orbitingaround it, therefore we assume there must be a black hole that it is inorbit with. The first scientists to really take an in depth look at black holesand the collapsing of stars, were a professor, Robert Oppenheimer and hisstudent Hartland Snyder, in the early nineteen hundreds. They concludedon the basis of Einsteins theory of relativity that if the speed of lightwas the utmost speed over any massive object, then nothing could escapea black hole once in its clutches. **(1)The name black hole was named such, because of the fact that lightcould not escape from the gravitational pull from the core, thus making theblack hole impossible for humans to see without using technologicaladvancements for measuring such things like radiation. The second part ofthe word was named hole due to the fact that the actual hole, is whereeverything is absorbed and where the centre core presides. This core isthe main part of the black hole where the mass is concentrated and appearspurely black on all readings even through the use of radiationdetection devices. Just recently a major discovery was found with the help of a deviceknown as The Hubble Telescope. This telescope has just recently foundwhat many astronomers believe to be a black hole, after being focused onan star orbiting empty space. Several picture were sent backto Earth from the telescope showing many computer enhanced pictures ofvarious radiation fluctuations and other diverse types of readings thatcould be read from the area in which the black hole is suspected to be in. Several diagrams were made showing how astronomers believe thatif somehow you were to survive through the centre of the black hole thatwere would be enough gravitational force to possible warp you to anotherend in the universe or possibly to another universe. The creative ideasthat can be hypothesized from this discovery are endless. Although our universe is filled with much unexplained, glorious,phenomenons, it is our duty to continue exploring them and to continuelearning, but in the process we must not take any of it for granted. As you have read, black holes are a major topic within our universeand they contain so much curiosity that they could possibly holdunlimited uses. Black holes are a sensation that astronomers arestill very puzzled with. It seems that as we get closer to solvingtheir existence and functions, we just end up with more and more questions. .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .postImageUrl , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:visited , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:active { border:0!important; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:active , .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u719e1fb9ffc21742297ac5c1ee7c9b5c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pro Athletes Salaries EssayAlthough these questions just lead us into more and more unansweredproblems we seek and find refuge into them, dreaming that maybe one day,one far off distant day, we will understand all the conceptions and wewill be able to use the universe to our advantage and go where onlyour dreams could take us. Dave May 343 1992/12/04References For Into The Depths of a Black Hole**(1): Parker, Barry. Colliding Galaxies. PG#96

Marcia J. Citron Essay Example

Marcia J. Citron Essay The works of a composer are not the only factor used to determine canonization; culture and gender play a large part in this process. Citron shows how the Western art canon is the result of a complex mixture of opinions, traditions, and interests that often go unacknowledged and unchallenged. The termcanon was applied to music in last twenty years, defined as a specified group or body of related works. 1It is debatable as to whether works are incorporated into the canon as a pre-existent concept or if the canon is only significant through the application of these works into a articulate and expressed repertoire. The canon is restricting in that it set the criterion for works that are to be included or discounted as marked repertoire. There is a categorization process that takes place in the development of the canon. This process places works into an appropriate group and eliminates those that do not fit the mould of what has been deemed culturally acceptable. Much new music is not a ccepted into reportorial canons, because the canons of the past have set high standards that do not allow for the conception and recognition of new music. These standards of repertoire are defined by cultural groups that are considered dominant on the basis of class, race, gender, age, occupation, nationality, and religious orientation. However, the canon is restricted, because the ideals set by one particular social group may not be appropriate for another; therefore, it is not representative of the whole, rather it merely represents the opinion of an individual group. These individuals often change, presenting a change in the standards of the canon as well as a transformation of the value of the canon as a whole. Textbooks and academic curriculum also influence the construction of the canon. Textbooks emphasize specific works and composers on which instructors and students rely on as a source of musical inform