How much has US succeeded in building democracy in the world since Term Paper

How much has US succeeded in building democracy in the world since world war 2 - Term Paper Example The Cold War, with its potential threat of nuclear conflict, was a very big threat to democracy in the world, and the United States, in the presidency of John F. Kennedy kept the world from a third major war. In this period, America played the role of peacemaker, and counter-balance to Soviet power. The difference between Communism and Capitalism expressed itself both economically and politically, and it took many years for Communism to fall, and the forces of democratic capitalism to take over. In this phase, too, America promoted democracy and proved in the end to be successful. Although America failed to establish military dominance in the Cold War, during this time from the 1950s to the 1980s America supported the creation of world agencies like NATO, the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization, the World Bank and the International Monetary fund (IMF). These non-state entities represent crucial attempts to spread a Western style democracy across the world. In her article about global democracy, A.M. Slaughter notes that â€Å"Power is certainly military. It is certainly economic.† (Slaughter, 2000, p. 225) and makes the point that it is in America’s own interest to promote systems and organizations which operate along American style lines. Through these agencies the United States promoted democracy and pursued its own interests at the same time. This joint objective is in fact the reason why the United States has in the end only partially been successful in building democracy across the world. Some of the military interventions that have happened seem to focus more on the United States’ desire to advance its own agenda, such as resisting communism in Korea, or fighting Islamic terrorists in Afghanistan. The line between stopping human rights atrocities, as in Kosovo, and implementing regime change as in Iraq

Perioperative practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Perioperative practice - Essay Example times the patient is not in a position to take decisions regarding health care for reasons such as being under medication, labor, mental illness, so in that case ‘Consent is not needed when patients are incompetent to give it (young children, unconscious patients, etc (Len Doyal, 1997) Research studies have shown that ‘there might be language/literacy problems in obtaining informed consent.’ (Lloyd, Cathy E. and Johnson, et al., 2008) In such cases, the medical faculty gives a thorough explanation of the best procedures to the patient based on her other health related problems. By informing our patient completely on the nature of all the decisions and procedures, in addition to the alternatives and interventions available, she was in a better position to participate in the decision-making process by weighing the pros and cons and finally giving consent because of the legal and ethical right at her disposal. According to (Campbell, et al., 1998) â€Å"Integrated care pathways are structured multidisciplinary care plans which detail essential steps in the care of patients with a specific clinical problem and describe the expected progress of the patient† Understanding on the part of the patient as well as the doctor about the Care planning pathway, puts them in a better position to make preparations before the actual operation can take place. (Scott I, 1999) explains that integrated care pathways â€Å"are an opportunity to identify good practice, remove bad practice, identify and apply evidence, identify education and training needs and appreciate the skills and contributions of all professionals and care sectors.† This step is very important because it helps the patient to understand all the risks and benefits involved in the process and also the areas of ambiguity. After a clear discussion the physician got the consent of our patient on a written document and explained to her that she was not a mere spectator but played a vital role in the decision making

Are Human Rights a Western Concept?

Are Human Rights a Western Concept? Do you agree that human rights are a western or modern concept, if not please cite two imperial examples of universal Human Rights in practice during pre-historic times. And the unending challenges in conflict with diversity, culture and religion in contemporary times? This essay will defined, explore and analyse the historical, theoretical and philosophical concept of universal human rights with comparative analysis of international instruments and its applications of human rights both in theory and context with empirical examples from different countries, culture and religion. The evolution of Human Rights in terms of its enduring challenges and successes will also be explored. The crux of this essay will focus on the controversial clash of culture and religious in practice against the backdrop in adapting to the concept of universal human rights. For example, this essay will attempt to present both opposite views and justification from a cultural and religious perspectives and against the practice of Female Gentile Mutilation (FGM) in Sierra Leone, and the violation of certain womens rights in Saudi Arabia, from a universal human rights perspective, which others tend to view as western liberal ideology. The first part of this essay will focus on the historical and theoretical aspect of human rights with comparative analysis of contemporary challenges and success in an attempt to juxtapose universal human rights against national laws and its direct challenge to cultural and religious justification in national defence with respect to these controversial topics, with an example of which both national activists and International actors continue to campaign against cultural practice such as FGM around the world with a direct focus on Sierra Leone. The Third section will explore and analyses human rights in Saudi Arabia and the cultural and religious influence with respect to the conflicting laws and individual rights challenges, particularly women. The fourth section will draw comparative analysis with Western countries like UK and USA in an attempt to explain cultural relativism with respect to the differences and common accepted human rights practices among these states. Human right history has been a long and controversial subject that stem from little known concept and history of human rights before 1945 around the same period the United Nations was established. Before then, certain intellectuals tend to hold the view that contemporary human rights history stems from the United Nations concept. The international convention on Economic, Social and cultural rights, is known as one of the fundamental declarations adopted by the General Assembly of the UN in the Declaration of Human Right, with provision for everyone to take part in cultural life, to enjoy the benefit of scientific progress and its applications, and to enjoy the protection of scientific, literary or artistic works. Article 13 points the rights of everyone to education, which shall be directed to the development of human personality and the sense of its , (UNESCO: 1998; 1). Although cultural rights are also indicated in numerous UNESCO conventions and recommendations, likewise in severa l other international documents, there is yet an unending challenges to implement cultural rights to its full potential. There is a clear evidence to suggest that there is a common relation between cultural rights and fundamental freedoms and individual rights such as freedom of belief and religion, the right to education, freedom of association and freedom of expression. (1998; 1). On Lockes view in his famous and influential Letter Concerning Toleration 1689 the state is concerned with external acts of human beings and not with the care of their souls and hence has no right to restrict individuals liberty in matters of faith. Churches are to be be understood as a voluntary societies for the public worship of God. Their members do not surrender their natural liberty in matters of religion to their church and so the church has no right to coerce its members beyond that of expelling them for appropriate reasons. (Charvet and Kaczynska- Nay: 2008; 29) The major theorist of the seventeen century who invented the individualist doctrine of natural rights were all Northern European protestants: Hugo Grotius of the Netherlands, Thomas Hobbs and John Locke of England and Samuerl Pufendorf of Germany. They developed a new understanding of the idea of natural law that was to serve as the foundation of a legitimate social and political order. Hugo Grotius who is widely known as the founder of modern natural law theory is also accepted as the originator of modern theory of international law, which is grounded on the law of nature, which is also grounded of the domestic theory. However, there is also a more inquisitorial common view of a long human right history way beyond contemporary history of human rights, which many refers to as a much better approach. Even though it is plagued with controversy, but it gives an opportunity to search beyond 1945 and challenge the former position with respect to the historical and philosophical aspects and concepts of human rights. Some argues that the concept of Human has a universal history in the various religious and philosophies of the world. The code of Hammurabi (c.1792-50 BC), King of Babylon, is said to be the oldest surviving text establishing the rule of law, Cyrus the Great (died 529 BC), King of Persia, proclaimed a policy of religious tolerance and abolished slavery. The Buddhist King Ashoka of India (c.264-38 BC) also proclaimed a policy of religious tolerance, provided for the health and educations of his people, and appointed officials to prevent wrongful punishments (Weeramantry 1997: 7-8). (Freeman 2011: 15-16). There are numerous challenges towards the view that human right is a western concept, such as the self evident of protections with non western cultural settings, which weakens the position of those claiming human rights to be a western concept. In1979, the UN General Assembly adopted the convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the realization of this document stemmed from a cummulation of over three dacdes of work by the UN Commission on the Status of women including years of efforts by Womens rights activist and governments. This was initially commission in 1947 under the Commission of Human Rights as a sub-commission, with unending demands from women activists it was eventually promoted to a full commission, This is seen as the authoritative instrument of Womens bill of rights, which seek to protect women around the world. The Convention defines discrimination against women as: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field (Article 1), (2008;201) Whiles most states have ratified CEDAW, there have been an exceptionally high number of reservations made to it by states ratifying, several countries have entered reservations to Article 2 and 16 in particular; for example, Bangladesh and Egypt on grounds that they conflicts with Sharia law (Bangladesh subsequently withdrew its observation to Article 16). Saudi Arabia entered a general reservation stating that: [i]n case of contradiction between any term of the convention and the norms of Islamic law, the Kingdom is not under obligation to observe the contradictory terms of the convention. An Elimination of Discrimination Against Women stated: Article 2 and 16 are considered by the committee to be core provision of the convention. Although some states parties have withdrawn reservations to those articles, the committee is particularly concerned at the number and extent of the reservations entered to those articles. The commission holds the view that article 2 is central to the objec ts and purpose of the Convention. States parties which ratify the Convention do so because they agree that discrimination against women in all its form should be condemned and that the strategies set out in article 2, subparagraph (a) to (g), should be implemented by States parties to eliminate it. Neither traditional, religious or Cultural practice nor incompatible domestic laws and policies can justify violations of the convention. The Committee also remains convinced that reservations of article 16, whether lodged for national, traditional, religious or cultural reasons, are incompatible with the Convention and therefore impermissible and should be reviewed and modified o withdrawn. (2008; 204) In 1517, Martin Luther pinned his famous ninety-five these stacking Catholic practices and beliefs to a church door in Wittenberg, which eventually led to the unbelievable split of the Christian Church in the West known as the Reformation. Because of the anxiousness exhibited by leaders who were desperate to free themselves from the interference of the pope and emperors, they seized the opportunity to affirm their total independence by embracing the new protestant version of Christianity, which had achieved wide spread popularity. During this period the liberty of religious conscious was never acknowledged by the Medieval Catholic Church, violent persecution of heretical beliefs was frequent by the state. This eventually led series of suppression and war in the West. It has to be said that Protestant were not really reacting to the persecution by the Catholics. The main reformed churches, Lutheran, Calvinist and Anglecan, were as ardent persecutors of those who did not accept the true faith as the catholics. The indirect influence of the Reformation on the movement for the huge and continuing scale of the religiously inspired carnage and the direct influence of the Reformation on support of toleration came from the radical protestant sect such as; the Anabapitists and Baptist, Socinians and Unitarians. The main natural rights theories were directly involved in these concerns. Their main argument was that the naturalness of radical disagreement between human beings over religion and their idea of natural law was that it constitutes common ground in abstraction from areas of disagreement. Thus, they supported a minimalist view of Christian dogma and both Pufendorf and Locke wrote widely read works specifically on toleration using an argument from natural liberty. (Charvet and Kaczynska- Nay: 2008; 29) The complexity and contradiction of human rights law is nothing new when it comes to the human rights law and the relationship with the subject of culture and religious with respect to oppression and injustice, which is not always compatible. Human Rights law may have operated and practice around the world, but there is a disparity in terms of its universal acceptance and approaches different member States, which sometimes operates more or less in the same context, but sometimes produce inconsistent results. The process of ratification or legalizing human rights law have proved to be challenging, especially the subject of Womens rights and its relationship with religion, Culture and traditional resistance. Particularly the parochial world that view such move as threats to male privilege or centuries old practices, which others interpreted as an attempt by Western liberal to subjugate their culture, religion or traditional heritage. The 1993 Vianna World Conference on Human Rights can be noted as another defining moment in the struggle of Womens rights history to gain the recognition of womens rights and Human rights, which is another result derived from the complex and contradictory quagmire of legalizing womens rights. It is a heterogeneous project which precludes any formulation of grand theory. Its commonality lies in providing critical and necessary challenges to explanations about womens subordination that have been furnished by liberal and Western feminist positions, especially those that come to occupy the international human rights arena in their understanding and articulation of concerns of Third World women. Post colonial feminism furnishes the tools for exposing the imperial and essentialist assumptions about the Third World women and culture and a reliance on a centre-periphery model or world culture that have come to inform lrgal responses to womens human rights concerns. (Kapur 2005). (Meckled-Garcia and Cali: 2006;103) Women and the veil However, the cantering of a womens claims to social justice to human rights, the law has also have some serious limitation. The pursuits of women human rights has come to focus on laws and legal strategies, encouraging the view that the law is the exclusive language in which to express claim to social justice and emancipation and consequently marginalize the benefit of others/emancipatory and vocabularies (Kennedy 2004; 5). It encourages the belief that freedom and emancipation lie in the objectivity, universality and rational basis of human rights laws. (106) These claims made in and through Human rights law ultimately rely on a universal subject: a subject that resembles the uncomplicated subject of liberal rights discourse. Cultural essentialism tends to reinforce the notion of human rights as a primary concern with relation to the law, with main focus on the consequences and effects of violence against women in third world countries. Alhough they are invariably portrayed as victims of their culture, reinforcing stereotyped and racist representations of that culture and privileging the culture of the West. Many human rights law textbooks address the issue of violence against women in other contexts, primarily in a chapter on universality and cultural Relativism implying that universality is not a cultural concept that emerged from a specific historical and political context, and reinforcing the inaccurate assumption that the primary wary in which women in the Third world experience violence is through some particularly egregious cultural practice. This portrayal of women in Sierra Leone that practice FGM or (Bondo society) for example is encouraged by traditional and some influential members of that country, even though others vehemently opposed this practice as proposed by some feminist and human rights activist particularly in the international realm, which reminiscent of imperial interference in the lives of na tive people, which they often interpret as the backwardness of African culture and women society and uncivilized culture. It recreates the imperialist move that views the native subject as different and civilizationally backward (Sinha: 2000). And this culture is cast in opposition to the universal project of human rights. Some Cultural practices have come to occupy our imaginations in ways that are totalizing of a culture and its treatment of women, and are nearly always overly simplistic or a misrepresentation of the practice. For example, the multiple meanings of the veil, through different cultural and historical contexts, get subsumed in the legal arguments that focus on almost exclusively on veiling as an oppressive and subordinating practice that typifies Islam and its degrading treatment of women. It is read in a uniform, linear manner as an oppressive practice because it erases womens physical and sexual identity and is symbolic of the subjugation of women in Islam. For som e it does not represent honor, and an effective mechanism on avoid tempting men. More significantly, the veil has also been a very empowering symbol for muslim women in some countries. In Iran it was the sign of rebellion and rejection of the shah and Western imperialism. Amongst immigrants communities in the West, it is the symbol of an exclusive cultural space, where women are often marginalised. (Merinissi: 1994; 112-22). This complexity has been obscured in several recent attempts to ban or uphold the ban on headscarves. The European Court on Human REoights in Strasbourg has recently upheld the ban on the wearing of headscarves in class at University of Istanbul. It upheld Turkish Constitutional Courts ruling that wearing of a headscarves was in contravention of the principle of secularism and gender equality and that the upholding of such a ban did not violate rights to religious freedom and practice. One of the factors considered by the Court was the fact that there were extremist political movements in Turkey which sought to impose on society as a whole th eir religious symbols and conception of a society founded on religious (Meckled-Garcia and Cali: 2006;106) Conclusion

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four Essay -- Ninet

George Orwell and Winston Smith in Nineteen Eighty-Four    "On each landing, opposite the lift shaft, the poster with the enormous face gazed from the wall. It was one of those pictures which are so contrived that the eyes follow you about when you move. BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU, the caption beneath it ran." (Orwell 4 "Nineteen"). George Orwell's Nineteen Eighty-Four presents a negative utopian picture, a society ruled by rigid totalitarianism. The government which Orwell creates in his novel is ruled by an entity known as Big Brother and consists of three branches. The Ministry of Truth, overseeing the distribution of propaganda and other printed materials, the Ministry of War, the millitary unit, and the Ministry of Love, the law enforcement division, make up the government. The main character, Winston Smith, does not completely accept the ideology that is fed to him by the government, through the concept of Big Brother. When one examines George Orwell's life, it can be clearly seen that he personifies his political perceptions, social and aesthetic characteristics, and self-examination of his own writing, through Winston Smith, in Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell's political perceptions, especially his skepticism of mass media, are given life through Winston Smith. Spending time working for the British Broadcasting Company (BBC), Orwell experienced many distorted truths and propaganda (Woodcock 9). This led to an intense distrust of those in power and their influence on the information distributed to and recieved by the general public. Orwell explains how history is altered by whomever is in power. In Orwell's essay "Revising History" he examines the credibility of history and finds that it is... ...cyclopedia of Modern World Literature. New York: Hawthorn Books Inc. 1963: 343. Kollar, Maros. "George Orwell Biography." 4 pgs. Online. America Online. 18 Jan. 1999. Available: www.suldal.vgs.no/engelsk/orwell/bioorw.htm. Magill, Frank N. ed. Survey of Science Fiction Literature. Vol. 3. Englewood Cliffs: Salem Press, 1979: 1532-1533. Orwell, George."Revising History." As I Please 4 Feb. 1944. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999: 1-2. ---.Nineteen Eighty-Four. Ontario: Penguin Books, 1949: 10, 61. ---."Why I Write." 1947: 5pgs. Online. America Online. 2 Jan. 1999. Available: www.resort.com/~prime8/orwell/whywrite.html. Reilly, Patrick. Nineteen Eighty-Four: Past, Present and Future. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. 1989: xv, xvi. Woodcock, George. The Crystal Spirit. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1966: 9, 57, 219, 258.

Eth/316 Community Profile Comparison

Community Profile Comparison ETH/316 October 10, 2012 Community Profile Comparison ( Demographic Comparison Table (Camden, NJ/Princeton, NJ) Population| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| Total Population CaucasianAfrican AmericanAsianOther| 78,79017%52%3%28%| 13,38180%6%7%7%| Median Age| 28. 5| 37| Household Demographics| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| Median Home Price| $81,600| $677,400| Median Household Income| $29,042| $83,509| Percentage of Married Population| 19. 86%| 67%|Families with children under the age of 18| 60%| 46%| Educational Demographics| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| High School DegreeFour Year DegreeGraduate Degree| 51. 33%3. 70%1. 98%| 94. 67%30. 33%41. 24%| Community Amenities| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| SchoolsLibrariesParksChurches| 4681613| 211211| Community Affiliations| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| Religious Majority| Catholic: 32. 74%| Catholic: 28. 60%| Political AffiliationDemocratic PartyRepublican Party| 67. 37%31. 23%| 67. 29%31. 2%| Crimes: Per 100,000 Res idents| | Camden, NJ| Princeton, NJ| MurderRapeRobberyVehicle Theft| 46. 892. 3900. 3656. 3| 0. 00. 029. 737. 2| Responsibilities of the Individual to the Community No matter who you are or where you live, we are all part of a bigger community. As an individual, we are still part of a family be it big or small. We all are someone's neighbor in a , tribe, village, city, county, state, region, country and the world which makes us inherently responsible to each other.At the same time, full human potential cannot be reached if individuality is suppressed by society, First and foremost, the duties of each individual within any community are cooperation, respect and participation. An individual must think beyond themselves and always be vigilant that they are just a part of a larger intently even if the individuals in that intently have different believes, religions or interests . In all free societies there is a constant struggle between individual rights and individual responsibilities. According to the U. S.Department of State, every Individual right has a corresponding duty to the community and the bottom line is that all have the responsibility of the individual to watch over others in the a community to make sure that common ste standards are objective are obtained and that they are beneficial to all. According to John B. Cobb, Jr. , Ph. D. who is Professor of Theology Emeritus at the Claremont School of Theology, † In a community the idea of the common good takes on a far richer meaning than in a society understood as founded only on a compact and made up of atomic individuals.Because the good of each is bound up with the good of others, we can consider which changes in the society as a whole conduce to the good of those who participate in it. † If you choose or not to be a part of a community, we still have the same obligations to the community of which we are a part. Responsibility of the Community to the Individual Defining Social Responsibilit y within the Community Conclusion References Princeton, NJ Livability Score. (2012). areavibes. Retrieved from http://www. areavibes. com/princeton-nj/livability/   trulia. 2012). Princeton Township Real Estate Overview. Retrieved from http://www. trulia. com/real_estate/Princeton_Township-New_Jersey/   Sperlings. (2010). Best Places to Live in Camden, New Jersey. Retrieved from http://www. bestplaces. net/city/new_jersey/Camden   U. S. State Census Bureau. (2010). New Jersey. Retrieved from http://quickfacts. census. gov/qfd/states/34000. html Cobb, J. B Jr. (2011) The Common Good: Individual Rights and Community Responsibility Retreived from http://www. religion-online. org/showarticle. asp? title=3351

Rfid at the Metro Group Essay

The market is mature and continually seeks innovative ideas to enhance competitive advantage -Highly capital intensive -Low to moderate labor intensiveness -Low margin; high volume – they take advantage of economies of scale -Characterized by high volume holding capacity controlled through Information Technology Company Facts Metro Group was Germany’s biggest retailer (250 stores, 10 warehouses, 100 suppliers) that operates globally in 6 divisions: Metro Cash & Carry (wholesale), Retail (hypermarkets), Extra (supermarkets), Media Market and Saturn (consumer electronics), Praktiker (building materials), Galeria Kaufhof (department stores) -Metro Group (hereafter, Metro) is the world’s 3rd-largest retailer -Having the capacity to carry large volumes of inventory and have it adequately controlled and managed by cost efficient Information Technology resources – Increased company international expansion overseas -Metro is seeking to improve product accessibility: Having products consumers want in locations consumers can find them easily oReducing shrink in the Supply chain oHaving little to no Out of Stock occurrences -Launched the Future Store Initiative in September 2002 to test different initiative aimed at improving all aspects of the customer experience Competitive Environment -Porter’s Five Forces o Supplier Power- Relatively low; products can be procured from many different places at low price. Products have low differentiation oSubstitutes- High threat with established companies such as Walmart, Tesco, and Carrefour in the same industry. Buyer Power- Moderate level of buyer power. Customers are sensitive to prices, brand names and are willing to investigate substitutes oBarriers to Entry- Relatively high- Metro is rather large and established as well as some of its competitors. Need lots of capital, innovative supply chain management strategy will be need to be able to compete. oRivalry- Moderate to high level of rivalry between the competition. Companies are investigating new way to improve product availability and cut costs Strategic Fit or Alignment -Metro’s supplier have not been implementing RFID as Metro would like i. e. Misplaced, low quality tags are a major issue -Metro’s IT subsidiary has aided in improving fit across the 6 independent sale divisions -There is a lack of fit between employees’ training and the mission of management to implement the RFID -Lack of alignment existent within Metro’s leadership as to whether or not RFID should be applied company-wide as the solvent for Metro’s supply chain issues -Hard Conclusions: Metro should develop an even more strategic relationship with its suppliers so that they are cognizant of how to implement RFID and that they maintain a certain level of quality; Metro should also train its employees on how to apply RFID within their tasks; Metro’s highest management should continue to utilize RFID but should also seek to improve its supply chain in the areas suggested by opponents of RFID RFID Facts -RFID contains at least two parts oIntegrated circuit- storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio frequency and other specialized functions oAntenna- receiving and transmitting the signal Used in enterprise supply chain management to improve the efficiency of inventory tracking and management -Limited growth and adoption in enterprise supply chain markets due to advanced technology needed to implement it Metro’s Competitive Strategy -Metro is a leader in supply chain innovation through the use of the RFID system. Metro does not want to sacrifice quality over costs for RFID which: oReduces shrink because of great accuracy in inventory location oImproves on-shelf availability and reduces substitute purchases oReduces out-of-stocks by reducing poor store execution oImproves productivity and labor efficiencies by eliminating manual entries and barcode scanning -Strengths (Metro) oMore economies of scale oGlobal recognition and success Moving in a positive direction with innovative technologies.

Gabon essays

Gabon essays Africa- To most people in this class, it is just another country. We do not know that much about it, and truthfully do not care to. For me, the only things that I knew of in Africa were Nelson Mandela, Egyptians and the pyramids, and that Kenya is a country there. Yet after this course, I have learned much that had never been presented to me before. Also, because of these student projects and papers, I have learned that there are more countries in Africa besides Kenya and Egypt. One of those countries is Gabon. Gabon is located in Western Africa, bordering the Atlantic Ocean at the equator and between Republic of the Congo and Equatorial Guinea. It's capital is Libreville and the total population is around 1,208,436. The total area of it is 102,000 square miles. So for us, that means it is about the size of Colorado. The climate is tropical, so it is almost always hot and humid. There is almost no rainfall between June and September, but the rainfall in the other months totals around 100 inches per year. The terrain consists of a narrow coastal plain, with a hilly interior, and savanna in the east and south. Some of Gabon's natural resources are petroleum, manganese, uranium, timber, gold, iron ore, and hydropower. Pertaining to its environment, Gabon is currently worried about deforestation and poaching. The majority of Gabons people live in the cities and larger towns. So who are these people? The nationality is recognized as Gabonese. Most people of are Bantu origin. There are four major tribal groupings of the Bantu. Those are the Fang, which is the largest, the Eshira, the Bapounou, and the Bateke. Other groups include the French and other persons of dual nationality. The Ethnic group boundaries are lesser than in other African countries. This is primarily because the official language, French. It seems to tie things together. Other languages include Fang, Myene, Bateke, Bapounou/Eschira, and Ba...

Spanish Verbs Meaning To Become

Spanish Verbs Meaning To Become Spanish has no single verb that you can use to translate to become. Your choice of verb typically will depend on the nature of change that occurs, such as whether its sudden or involuntary. Spanish also has a multitude of verbs that are used for specific types of change - for example, enloquecer often means to become crazy and deprimirse means to become depressed. Llegar a ser Llegar a ser typically refers to change over a long period of time, often with effort. It is often translated as to eventually become. Andrea Montenegro llegà ³ a ser considerada una de las modelos ms populares del paà ­s. (Andrea Montenegro came to be considered one of the countrys most popular models.)Es inevitable que todos lleguemos a ser ancianos. (Its inevitable that all of us will become old.)No creo que llegue a ser un problema. (I dont believe itll become a problem.)Lo ms importante para que un nià ±o llegue a ser bilingà ¼e es hacer que su desarrollo del lenguaje sea una experiencia agradable y positiva. (The most important thing for a child in becoming bilingual is making language development a pleasant and positive experience.) Ponerse The reflexive form of the common verb poner, ponerse, is often used to refer to a change in emotion or mood, especially when the change is sudden or temporary. It can also be used to refer to changes in physical appearance and many other traits and can apply to inanimate objects as well as persons. Cuando llegà ³ Antonio, su madre se puso feliz de tenerlo en casa. (When Antonio arrived, his mother became very happy to have him at home.)En aquel dà ­a me puse enfermo. (On that day I became sick.)Cuando el cielo se pone oscuro las mariposas dejan de volar. (When the sky becomes dark the butterflies quit flying.)No nos pongamos tristes. Se va a un lugar mejor. (Lets not become sad. Hes going away to a better place.) Hacerse Another reflexive verb, hacerse, usually refers to deliberate or voluntary changes. It often refers to a change in identity or affiliation. Admite que se hizo escritor por desesperacià ³n. (He admits that he became a writer out of desperation.) ¿Cà ³mo me hago miembro de Mensa? (How can I become a member of Mensa?)Vamos a hacernos millonarios. (Were going to become millionaires.)Mi padre nunca fue muy religioso, pero sà © que se hizo ateo aquel dà ­a trgico. (My father was never very religious, but I know that he became an atheist on that dreadful day.) Convertirse en This verb phrase convertirse en typically means to change into or to turn into. It typically suggests a major change. Although less common, transformarse en can be used in much the same way. Es el dà ­a que me convertà ­ en mujer. (It is the day I became a woman.)Nos convertimos en lo que pensamos. (We become what we think.)Me convertà ­ en una persona mucho ms feliz. (I turned into a much happier person.)Nos transformamos en lo que queremos ser. (We turn ourselves into what we want to be.)En la metfora, la oruga se transforma en mariposa. (In the metaphor, the caterpillar becomes a butterfly.) Volverse Volverse typically suggests involuntary change and generally applies to people rather than inanimate objects. Los jugadores se volvieron locos. (The players went crazy.)Con el tiempo, me volvà ­ perezoso y terminà © escribiendo. (With time, I became lazy and ended up writing.)Es la paradoja del ahorro: Si todos ahorramos, nos volveremos pobres. (Its the paradox of savings: If we all save, we will become poor.) Pasar a ser This phrase pasar a ser suggests change that occurs in the course of events. It is often translated as to go on to be. Pasà © a ser subordinada de à ©l. (I came to be his subordinate.)Pasamos a ser nuestro peor enemigo. (We are becoming our own worst enemy.)Al mismo tiempo, Europa pasaba a ser el mayor inversor extranjero en Argentina y Chile. (At the same time, Europe came to be the biggest foreign investor in Argentina and Chile.) Reflexive Verbs and Changes in Emotion Many verbs that refer to having emotions can be used reflexively to refer to a person becoming someone with a particular emotional state. Reflexive verbs can refer to other kinds of changes as well: Me aburrà ­ de la monotonà ­a. (I got bored with the monotony.)El soldado se exasperà ³ por la incapacidad de decisià ³n de sus jefes de guerra. (The soldier became frustrated by the inability of the war chiefs to make a decision.)Me alegrà © al ver el hospital. (I became happy to see the hospital.)Casi se atragantà ³ cuando vio los noticieros. (She almost became choked up when she saw the news.) Nonreflexive Verbs Denoting Change Many reflexive verbs denote change or becoming, but so do a smaller number of nonreflexive verbs: Milton enrojecià ³ cuando la vio. (Milton turned red when he saw her.)Las ideas buenas escasearon. (Good ideas became scarce.)La situacià ³n empeorà ³ con rapidez. (The situation quickly became worse.) Key Takeaways Spanish uses a variety of verbs to translate to become, the choice depending on what is changing and the nature of the change.Most of Spanish verbs of becoming are in the reflexive form.Spanish verbs exist for some highly specific types of change, such as enrojecer, to become red.

Whats the Average High School GPA

What's the Average High School GPA SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Nearly all high school students have, at some point, wondered whether their GPAs are good or not. One way of knowing is to look at the national averages. What is the average high school GPA?Is your GPA above average?How do you compare with all the other high school students in the country? In this article, I'll give you an overview of the national averages for high school GPA so that you can see where you stand. I’ll also tell you what these averages mean for you and how to understand them better in the context of the college application process. What’s the Average High School GPA Nationally? According to a 2017 study written about onInside Higher Ed, the average high school GPA in 2016 was 3.38. This study also found thatthe average high school GPA has risen steadily over the years. This increase in the average GPA has a lot to do with grade inflation (which we talk about in more detail below). In addition to this study, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) offerssome data on average high school GPAs in the US, althoughthis data is from2009, so it'sa bit out of date. (Unfortunately, NCES has not conducted a similar study since 2009.) The NCES study provides a fairly thorough look at average high school GPAs, so we're going to use this study for our analysis below. Because the average GPA has risen since 2009 (when the study was conducted), it's safe to assume that the 2018 GPAs will actually be a bit higher, though the trends will remain the same. Now let's take a closer look at the GPA data, starting with the overall averages. High School GPA Averages Here are the high school GPA averages, according to NCES: Overall GPA average: 3.0 Average in core academic courses (math, science, English, and social studies): 2.79 Average in other academic courses (foreign language and other academic courses not in the core curriculum): 3.14 Average in other courses (physical education, cooking, health): 3.39 As you can see, the national overall average GPA is 3.0. Butthis might be deceptive: the average GPA in core subject areas is actually a bit lower (2.79), meaning the overall average is only brought up to 3.0 by the higher grades students receive in courses that are not part of the core curriculum. The core curriculum in the NCES data consists of math, science, English, and social studies courses. The average GPAs for these different types of courses were as follows: Math: 2.65 Science: 2.70 English: 2.85 Social studies: 2.89 This data shows that students tend to have lower average GPAs in math and science courses compared with English and social studies courses. Average High School GPAs by Gender and Ethnicity NCES also provided some interesting (and a bit upsetting) statistics on how average high school GPA differs with regard to gender and ethnicity: Average GPA By Gender: Males: 2.90 Females: 3.10 Average GPA By Ethnicity: Asian/Pacific Islander: 3.26 White: 3.09 Hispanic: 2.84 Black: 2.69 According to this data, female students tend to have higher average GPAs than male students do. In addition, Asian/Pacific Islander students have the highest average GPA, whereas Black students have the lowest.This observed disparity between the average GPAs of different ethnic groups is a result of many intersecting socioeconomic factors, including family income, school quality, and other stressors that could impact a student's academic performance. Overall, there has been an upward trend over time with regard to average high school GPA.This is related to the phenomenon of grade inflation,whereby students seem to be earning artificially higher grades for the same quality of work. From 2000 to 2009, the average GPA for high school students increased from 2.94 to 3.0.As an even more drastic comparison,in 1990 the average GPA was only 2.68! Why Does High School Grade Inflation Happen? So how does something like grade inflation become a problem?Essentially, teachers are pressured by administrators, parents, and students to give out higher grades.If students are doing poorly, it reflects badly on the school.Once some schools start giving higher grades, other schools have to follow suit to avoid looking bad in comparison and to prevent jeopardizing students’ chances at college admission. It’s a cycle that’s tough to control because everyone likes to feel as though they’re doing well, but this trend in grade inflation has some negative consequences. First, itforces increased reliance on standardized tests as measures of academic ability.It also harms high-achieving students who are unable to stand out from the crowd when their whole class has the same perfect GPA. The motto of our educational system? What’s the Average GPA at Your High School? These NCES statistics can only tell you so much if you don't consider the average GPA at your high school and the way it‘s calculated. First, you should know whether your high school reports GPAs on a weighted or unweighted scale.Weighted GPAs can be higher than 4.0 and take the difficulty of a student’s coursework into account. The most difficult coursework is typically represented by AP, IB, and/or Honors classes. If your school uses weighted GPAs, the national average won’t necessarily compare directly with the number you see on your transcript. For example, at my high school- which used a weighted scale- GPAs went up to 5.0. If a student earned an A+ in an AP or Honors course, that translated into a 5.0. By contrast, an A+ in a low-level course translated to a 4.0. This wonky scale meant that the average weighted GPA was a 3.36, so a 3.0 would have been below average in the context of my school's GPA scale. Even if your school doesn't use weighted GPAs, the difficulty of your classes is an important factor. If you have a GPA that’s not super impressive but you’re in the hardest classes, you will have a better chance of being accepted to selective schools than someone with a slightly higher numerical GPA in lower-level classes. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. What’s the Average GPA for College Admission? The most important average you should take into account is the average GPA of admitted students to colleges that interest you. To find the average GPA for a college, Google "[School Name] PrepScholar."Our database gives the average GPA requirements for tons of schools. Here's an example of our page for the University of Mississippi (colloquially called Ole Miss): Don’t freak out if your own GPA is a little below the average you see on a school's page. This info should serve as a reference point rather than a hard rule. Remember that every high school has different ways of measuring and calculating GPA, so these comparisons have somewhat limited utility. What’s most important is that you’re challenging yourself in your classes.Especially if you’re applying to very selective schools, the average GPA nationally and for your school doesn’t give you the best sense of where you should be.At the most competitive schools, the majority of accepted students have GPAs in the 3.75-4.0 range, meaning that these schools almost exclusively accept applicants with an A average. On the flip side, even with a GPA that's below the national average, you might have a good chance of getting accepted to some less selective schools whose average GPAs are around the 2.5-3.0 range. You just have to do your research so you know what to expect. When you apply, colleges receive a lot of specific details about your high school in addition to your transcript, so if there are special circumstances that made your GPA skew higher or lower, the school should be able to adjust its standards accordingly. The ivory tower where admissions officers are imprisoned day and night as they're forced to review endless college applications. Conclusion: Average High School GPA Nationally, the average high school GPA (based on 2016 data) is around 3.38.However, as we saw with the NCES study, this number can vary across different demographics (including gender and ethnicity) and high schools. Be sure totake into account how your high school calculates GPA before comparing yourself with the national average.By far, the most important average to consider is the average GPA of admitted students at schools that interest you. Just remember to take these numbers with a grain of salt since they might reflect a different GPA scale than the one used at your high school. Finally, don't forget that the difficulty of your coursework is usually more important to schools than the actual number of your GPA. Whether you’re considered above or below average depends mostly on how much you’re willing to challenge yourself. What's Next? Now that you've learned about average GPA, you might be curious about average SAT scores and average ACT scores.Read these guides to get the scoop! Beginning your college search?Then read my guide on how to choose the best college for you. If you're set on attending a very selective school,check out our popular in-depth guide on how to get into Harvard and the Ivy League! Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Why did the Cold War End Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Why did the Cold War End - Essay Example It is called the Cold war mainly because there was no direct confrontation between these two world powers and instead, their confrontations tended to happen by proxy. They often provided the funding and weapons to rival groups in various countries, such as Vietnam and Korea, and these fought each other to see which ideology would come up supreme (Hitchens 2006, 276). It is to the credit of the leaders of these rival states that they did not come to an open confrontation with each other. If they had allowed their emotions to get away with them, then it would have been a disaster on a global scale. This is because both of these powers possessed nuclear weapons, and in case of a war, they would have been inevitably used. Despite all the rivalry between the Soviet Union and the United State, the Cold war suddenly ended in the late 1980s; this was mainly due to both long term and short-term issues, which took place in the Soviet Union, and these, are what will be discussed in this paper. The main reason why the Cold war ended is because the Soviet Union collapsed, and this happened due to various long and short-term circumstances. It has been suggested by certain scholars that the Soviet Union would have fallen much sooner than it did (Dobbs, 1993). This is because, from the time of Stalin’s rule onwards, the Soviet Union was not secure when it came to food supply. Stalin’s policy of the collectivization of agriculture, and the seizure of peasants’ property left the Soviet Union with insufficient grain reserves to feed its population. Where it had once been one of the largest exporters of grain in the world, it became one of its biggest importers. There was extremely little funding for the Soviet Union to use to export grain and there came a time when the state was virtually bankrupt. This would have manifested the fall of the Soviet system but

Conceptual and Practical Approaches for Assessment in Accounting Thesis

Conceptual and Practical Approaches for Assessment in Accounting - Thesis Example This essay declares that any business ventures prefer taking moderate risks. You find that before they commit their resources in any form of a business, they first assess the risks which might accrue when running their business and their ability to try and manage those risks, the benefits that they will realize after they have invested and the challenges they might come upon when running their business. Accounting information helps in solving this problem. This study will help to know how these elements of accounting also known as the flow of funds models are very vital in understanding the determinants of the economic growth and its likelihood of entering the debt driven recession. Flow of funds models and their underpinning are among the non-neo classical economic framework. This paper makes a conclusion that the finance, insurance and the real estate (FIRE) sector includes all sorts of wealth managing nonbanks firms which may include which generate credit flows. Liquidity from the FIRE sector flows to firms, households and the government as they borrow. This then facilitates fixed capital investment, production, consumption the value by which the accounting necessity can be jointly equal to the real sector incomes which are inform of profits, taxes, wages plus the financial investments and obligations (interest payments). Funds then originate in the banking parts of the FIRE sector they do circulate to the real economy or even they can return back to the FIRE sector inform of financial investments or even in the payment of debts services plus financial fees.

Bussiness Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Bussiness Law - Essay Example With its exponential growth and the explosion in information and exposure in the world due to it, there was felt a need for an establishment and determination of rules and regulations, and a framework for it to operate within. A committee or a forum was needed to be established that would discuss and lay the framework and the critical and basic issues related to the regulation of the Internet. For this purpose, a convention was held in Athens, Greece, in 2006, called the Internet Governance Forum (IGF), under the UN that laid the grounds for the next convention that was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 12 through 15 of November 2007. Both the conventions established the agenda and objectives of the IGF to be followed internationally. All the stakeholders from all the countries, especially the governments, are encouraged to participate, abide by the regulations and actively involve in their implementation in their countries. This is imperative as Internet crosses all national boundaries and this makes supervision by one body both impossible and inefficient. Four basic and major objectives were laid down in the first convention in Athens, and a fifth was added in the agenda in the second convention in Rio, along with building upon the established four. Basically, all these agendas are based on the Tunis Agenda for the Information Society. These objectives are as follows: Access: the Internet is on an ever increasing growth, however, majority of the world population still lives in isolation from this important tool that has the power to radically change the economic and the social conditions of any society. According to reports, out of the total 6 billion people living in the world today, approximately only 1 billion have access to the Internet facility, the remaining five billion people are still on the other side of the digital divide that is so crucial to bridge. The true power of the Internet can only be fully harnessed if it is utilized by the majority of the people worldwide. Up till now, however, only approximately 1.6% of the world population is benefiting from it. This means that the availability of access is the most important and urgent issue facing the forum, and it has to be tackled first. To counteract upon it, certain proposals have been included in the agenda.First off, an effort would have to be made on the international level, invol ving all participating stakeholders, to set up regulatory bodies and to outline legal policies for investment and establishment of infrastructure in this sector. Most of the population that does not have access to the Internet are the local people living in rural areas. These areas pose several problems. The economic standards of people living there are not very high, and so Internet access would have to be made affordable and easy. For this, local access points, or building-out infrastructures (IGF 2007) would have to

Managing for Creativity and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Managing for Creativity and Innovation - Essay Example Robinson distinguishes the concepts of imagination, creativity and innovation which are all interrelated and often mistaken as one for another. Imagination was defined as the process of bringing to mind things that are not present to our senses. This is usually engaged in by children as they dream of whimsical things that they cannot concretize. Creativity is the process of developing original ideas that have value. It is called for every time a problem needs to be solved and ideas which make sense are summoned. Innovation is the process of putting new ideas into practice, as in the case of inventions or new strategies implemented that are bound to create a strong impact. From the first chapter, Robinson claims that creativity can be found anywhere – in schools, business establishments, etc. It is just a matter of looking into the details of what is being done to ignite the creative spark. He said that everyone has the ability to be creative, but it just needs to be tapped and developed. A culture of creativity is one wherein everyone collaborates to encourage creativity to thrive. Robinson explains the themes tackled in the book. The first theme is about us living in times of revolution. The speed of change that overwhelms us also affects governments and businesses, and these organizations point to education and training as the crucial factors that are needed for the future. Such education is expected to develop people’s creativity and innovation. The reasons why these two are highly anticipated are the following: In order to maintain a competitive edge, creativity and innovation are necessary to generate new ideas for products and services. Flexibility and adaptability to change must be developed by people in their education and training. The world is changing fast and survival will depend on one’s capacity to be creative and innovative. The second theme running through the book is the need to think differently about one’s abilitie s and how to use them. Nowadays, people need to learn to think out of the box, as old ways of thinking and doing things may no longer be relevant. Education has the responsibility of cultivating talents and sensibilities of children in order for them to live their best lives in the present and create bright futures. This then leads to the third theme, which claims that organizations, especially the educational system, should be transformed radically to meet the needs of the 21st century. People should have a paradigm shift in terms of viewing intelligence and creativity. The second chapter stresses the fact that digital technology is developing at an immensely fast rate that our brains need to keep up with it if we do not want it to overtake us. Digital culture is changing lifestyles as new innovations generate new patterns of behaviours affecting people’s time management, work, education and even relationships. Technology does make the world smaller. This gives more reason f or education to be transformed so that students will be able to cope with such changes. However, Chapter 3 explains that the current education system is not designed to meet the challenges of the future. The dominant forms available nowadays do not equip students with the necessary skills to help them thrive in the real world. A lopsided emphasis on academics over arts and the humanities neglects the development of creativity. Robinson cites three roles of education, namely

Philosopy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosopy - Assignment Example For this reason, the Chinese Government is immoral for killing unwanted orphans. 5. This is an informal fallacy. This is because of the verbal abuse against Bachmann and it doesn’t have logic because the writer doesn’t make any sense in the statement. First, the writer writes about Bachmann’s favor in drilling the oil, then verbally abuses her. The statement Bachmann wouldn’t recognize an oil well if she bumped into one doesn’t relate to the first one. This is because everyone wants to belong to particular group and wants to feel united with a crowd, and this evokes a sense of belonging and unity. Once everyone has read this novel, then there is approval and acceptable from the crowd. This is because Senator Barrow is the first arguer; he has presented an argument on the increased social security benefits. The second arguer attacks the senator’s argument by equating it with an argument for socialism. He attacks socialism and concludes that socialism is unrealistic. Since Senator Barrow had nothing to do with socialism, this means the second arguer commits the straw man fallacy. This is because the writer’s argument ignores the Norris argument and instead, attacks his family and personal attributes that are irrelevant to whether he was responsible for the collapse of the central bank tower. Instead, the argument attacks him in a fallacious way. This is because there are two correct conclusions that are implied by the first argument. That Pearson supports the argument that evolution should be discounted and that he is a cocaine-snorting pervert and at the same time, a member of the communist party. This statement misses the point entirely. This is because the appeal uses force. If David Cole is not appointed as the new sales manager there is bound to be severe personnel cutbacks in the department. The threat imposed on the department

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice - Informatics Essay

Applying Standardized Terminologies in Practice - Informatics - Essay Example The defining characteristic in stroke treatment and management is neck-artery blockage which could be either symptomatic or asymptomatic. Individuals without any stroke symptoms are also likely to suffer from the disease. However, those who have shown stroke symptoms face a higher risk. Factors related to stroke management include micro-clots in the carotid arteries’ bloodstream, asymptomatic carotid disease, amarousis fugax (a TIA affecting the eye), cognitive impairment, brain stroke and ischemic stroke (Lovrencic-Huzjan, Rundek, & Katsnelson, 2012). Other related factors are symptomatic carotid stenosis and plaque instability. When a plaque is ulcerated or has irregular morphology, the risk of a clinical event increases. NOC outcomes suggested in the management of stroke using medical intervention include improved muscular and brain functioning. The main indicator showing improved status of a stroke patient with medical intervention is elimination of clots in the carotid blood stream. The elimination of neck artery blockage reduces the likelihood of suffering from stroke. Inherently, the use of standardized language in nursing profession is becoming prevalent in education and practice Suggested NIC interventions for stroke patients include use of surgery such as carotid endarterectomy (CEA) for the prevention of secondary stroke. A more recent and less invasive surgical alternative is carotid stenting. The nurse could also advise patients to stop smoking and limit intake of cholesterol for stroke prevention and management. Emboli monitoring is also recommended in order to minimize the risk of later developing stroke. Between the 1980s to early 2000s, aspirin was the only anti-platelet therapy for treatment of stroke. Since the start of the new millennium, medical interventions have increased to include statins, new

Philosopy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosopy - Assignment Example For this reason, the Chinese Government is immoral for killing unwanted orphans. 5. This is an informal fallacy. This is because of the verbal abuse against Bachmann and it doesn’t have logic because the writer doesn’t make any sense in the statement. First, the writer writes about Bachmann’s favor in drilling the oil, then verbally abuses her. The statement Bachmann wouldn’t recognize an oil well if she bumped into one doesn’t relate to the first one. This is because everyone wants to belong to particular group and wants to feel united with a crowd, and this evokes a sense of belonging and unity. Once everyone has read this novel, then there is approval and acceptable from the crowd. This is because Senator Barrow is the first arguer; he has presented an argument on the increased social security benefits. The second arguer attacks the senator’s argument by equating it with an argument for socialism. He attacks socialism and concludes that socialism is unrealistic. Since Senator Barrow had nothing to do with socialism, this means the second arguer commits the straw man fallacy. This is because the writer’s argument ignores the Norris argument and instead, attacks his family and personal attributes that are irrelevant to whether he was responsible for the collapse of the central bank tower. Instead, the argument attacks him in a fallacious way. This is because there are two correct conclusions that are implied by the first argument. That Pearson supports the argument that evolution should be discounted and that he is a cocaine-snorting pervert and at the same time, a member of the communist party. This statement misses the point entirely. This is because the appeal uses force. If David Cole is not appointed as the new sales manager there is bound to be severe personnel cutbacks in the department. The threat imposed on the department

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free

A Christmas Carol Essay Secondly, Dickens A Christmas Carol is a story with a happy resolution. This is another key reason for its lasting appeal. The reader is taken through a wide range of emotions but in the final stave the only emotions are of happiness and hope. We see happiness throughout the stave and this prompts the reader to hope for more joy in the characters future. This is important as it reflects the spirit of Christmas for many people and it was how Dickens believed Christmas should be. He appears to have achieved his aim of reversing the decline of Christmas celebrations at the time of writing the novel. Its enduring appeal is that it continues to be a reminder of the true meaning of Christmas. Dickens titles Stave Five as The End of it this appears to suggest that there should be no other meaning to Christmas except joyfulness and compassion for others. We learn that these are the messages that Dickens wanted to haunt their house pleasantly as stated in the preface. This also implies that he wants the messages delivered in the novel to live on and remain with the reader. During this stave when Scrooge speaks his sentences, they often end with exclamation marks which shows that he is now in a more pleasant mood. This adds a sense of excitement within the reader which contributes to the Christmas spirit shown in the stave. The use of exclamation marks changes in this stave as they are used positively which contrasts to the earlier staves when Dickens uses them negatively when associated with Scrooge. The narrators voice assures the reader that Scrooges transformation was long lasting and complete. The narrators omniscient view of the future explains that Scrooge went on to become not only a second father to Tiny Tim but also as good a friend, as good a master, and as good a man. By the end the reader feels that they have been immersed into Scrooges world and changed with him. The audience can sense the warmth and compassion that surrounds Scrooge now. The last line as Tiny Tim observed, God bless Us, Every One! summarizes how Dickens believes the spirit of Christmas should be. It is significant that the last line is from Tiny Tim as he symbolizes how Christmas can be enjoyed and celebrated despite not having the luxuries that others may have. It also leaves us with the final message that the feeling of goodwill does not only lie with the characters but the readers as well. The concluding feeling of joy and hope symbolizes all that Christmas represents and is one of the reasons that A Christmas Carol remains popular today. Another key issue in this novel is the potential to change and the redemption of a character. It engages the reader in the novel as they want to see Scrooge change so they are encouraged to continue reading. It also maintains the themes of hope and goodwill that is associated with Christmas. At the beginning Scrooge is seen as a cold miserable character that expresses no joy at Christmas. During Stave Two we see his potential for change as we realise that he did once have friends and family which shows that Scrooge was not always heartless and unkind. He remembers the little boy that came singing carols and his nephew earlier and is remorseful that he did not treat them better. The spirit takes Scrooge to a place where he used to work and is reminded how he had enjoyed Christmases in the past. Scrooges transformation continues through the night as the ghost of Christmas present shows him the Cratchit household who are a loving family even though they have no money. Scrooge shows concern for Tiny Tim the little crippled boy in the family. This shows that he is beginning to change as he takes an interest in other peoples well being. The last stave is where we see a drastic change in Scrooges behaviour. His merry attitude towards Christmas is seen when he says A merrier Christmas, Bob, my good fellow, than I have given you, for many a year! Ill raise your salary, and endeavour to assist your struggling family. From this we can see that Scrooge has a new kindness within him. It shows that Scrooge has realised that he has not treated Bob well and that he will try to make amends. It also suggests that Scrooge is now more charitable and generous. We also see that Scrooge is again thinking about others assist your struggling family which is an extreme contrast to Stave One If they would rather die they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population. A Christmas Carol remains as popular as ever. This is because it continues to be relevant to todays society. Dickens wanted to cut through the materialism of Christmas and remind people of its real meaning, which is a time to be joyous and charitable. Dickens use of strong language when describing Scrooges character at the beginning is to demonstrate that there is always a possibility of change and redemption of a character. This allows the reader to believe that there is some goodness in all. It creates feeling of hope, warmth and joy that is linked to Christmas. In A Christmas Carol Dickens use of language makes the reader feel that they are amongst the action. It conjures up all the range of emotions that a human being experiences and ultimately results in happiness, which is an emotion everyone strives for.

Impact of Shale Gas on Seismic Activity

Impact of Shale Gas on Seismic Activity Is shale gas development responsible for increased seismic activity? 1. Introduction In recent years, shale gas has become the notorious poster child of the fossil fuel industry (Sovacool, 2014). Proponents tout it as being the answer to current energy needs given that it is available in abundance and has a lower carbon footprint than other fossil fuels e.g. coal and oil (Sovacool, 2014). Contrary to this, opponents have a firm stance against shale gas development, having concerns about its environmental impact. Shale gas has come under fire once again as a link between fracking and earthquakes has stirred up public emotions (Walsh, 2014). There has been a dramatic increase in the number of seismic events in the central and eastern regions of the United States. The US has seen over 300 earthquakes of magnitude 3.0 on the Richter scale over a period of three years (2010 to 2012) in comparison to an average of 21 events per year over the last three decades (Ellsworth, 2013). In several states such as Oklahoma, Colorado, Texas, Arkansas and Ohio these increased seismic events have been linked to underground injection of waste water from shale gas developments (Ellsworth, 2013). In the United Kingdom hydraulic fracturing at Preese Hall near Blackpool has been linked to two earthquakes of magnitude 2.3 and 1.5 on the Richter scale (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). There are a number of procedural steps required for shale gas development that include the following: road and well pad construction, well drilling, casing, perforating, hydraulic fracturing, completion, production, abandonment and reclamation. This essay focuses on the underlying potential of hydraulic fracturing and underground waste water disposal to trigger seismic activities. Despite seismic activities being recorded at only a handful of the numerous shale gas development sites, the evidence indicates that increased seismic activity can be linked to shale gas development (Ellsworth, 2013). Even though the magnitude of these earthquakes are on the scale of being nuisances rather than catastrophes (Sovacool, 2014), there is a growing interest into understanding the cause of these events and the mitigation strategies to avoid larger catastrophes in terms of earthquakes or surface damage. 2. Induced Seismicity Induced seismic events are earthquakes triggered by human activity such as injecting fluids into rock formations for waste water disposal and hydraulic fracturing (National Research Council, 2013). Induced events have a much smaller magnitude than naturally occurring events and are therefore not usually felt on the Earth’s surface (Davies et al, 2013). Induced earthquakes take place when changes occur in the pore pressure-the pressure of fluid in the pores and fractures of rock-due to injection or withdrawal of fluids from the Earth’s subsurface. This change in pressure alters the stress on nearby faults, causing them to slip creating a seismic event. There are many factors that contribute to the magnitude and likelihood of an induced earthquake which include the injection rate, fluid pressure, fluid volume and injection duration (Davies et al, 2013). Since there is no physical difference between naturally occurring earthquakes and induced earthquakes it is difficult to determine the origin of a seismic event (National Research Council, 2013). A study conducted by Davis and Frohlich (1993) proposed criteria that have to be met in order to consider an earthquake as induced. These are: 1. Are these events the first known earthquakes of this character in the region? 2. Is there a clear correlation between injection and seismicity? 3. Are epicentres near wells (within 5km)? 4. Do some earthquakes occur at or near injection depths? 5. If not, are there known geologic structures that may channel flow to sites of earthquakes? 6. Are changes in fluid pressures at well bottoms sufficient to encourage seismicity? Based on these criterion the seismic activity in Dallas Fort Worth, USA was attributed to disposal of waste water from fracking activities (Frohlich et al, 2010) and the earthquakes at Preese Hall, UK were linked to hydraulic fracturing (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). Figure 1 shows the 198 recorded global induced seismic events (Davies et al, 2013:p.178). Out of the 198 examples of induced seismicity hydraulic fracturing accounts for only 3 instances of ‘felt seismicity’ (seismic activity above magnitude 2.0 on the Richter scale) and waste water disposal, specifically from shale gas activities, also accounts for only 3 ‘felt’ seismic events (Davies et al, 2013). Figure 1. Frequency vs. magnitude for 198 published examples of induced seismicity (Davies et al, 2013:p.178) 3. Seismic activity due to hydraulic fracturing Hydraulic fracturing is the technique used to extract gas from ‘shale rock’ formations. Shale rock has large quantities of methane which are trapped in it due to its low permeability (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). In order to release the gas, fracking fluid is injected at high pressures to create fractures, increasing permeability of the rock and allowing gas to flow out. Micro-seismic events (less than magnitude 2 on the Richter scale) are often associated with the creation of faults in hydraulic fracturing, however their magnitude is too small to be felt on the surface (Davies et al, 2013). In the event of the presence of a pre-stressed fault near the fracked well a larger seismic event can occur although its magnitude will have an upper limit of 3 on the Richter scale (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). The magnitude of induced seismicity is directly proportional to the surface area of the fault and degree of stress on the fault (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). The magnitude also depends on the pressure in the well, which is determined by the following factors (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012): Volume of injected fracking fluid Volume of flow back fluid Injection rate Flow back rate The importance of controlling the well pressure can help mitigate seismicity, as seismic events have occurred only at wells where large volumes of fluid have been injected with little or no flow back leading to pressure build up (de Pater Baisch, 2011). The seismic activity observed at Blackpool, UK was linked to the hydraulic fracturing operations underway at Preese Hall due to spatial and temporal correlation (Green, Styles Baptie, 2012). Eisner et al (2011) conducted a study to look into the reasons behind the earthquakes, which concluded that the earthquakes were caused by injection of fracking fluid directly into an adjacent fault. The fluid injection had changed the pore pressure, reduced stress on the fault and caused it to slip resulting in a series of earthquakes. The earthquakes were also measured against the criteria suggested by Davis and Frohlich (1993) to determine whether they were induced or natural events (Eisner et al, 2011): Table 1. Criteria proposed by Davis and Frohlich (1993) to help differentiate between induced and natural seismicity applied to events at Preese Hall (Eisner et al, 2011:p. 21) The table above shows that the criteria were met and hence the events at Blackpool were classified as having been induced by hydraulic fracturing activities at Preese Hall. Mitigation: In order to avoid such events the Department of Energy and Climate Change introduced the following controls and checks for well operators (Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2014): Utilise all geological information available to determine the location of faults before drilling wells to ensure wells are at a distance from existing fault lines. Inject minimum amounts of fracking fluid Constantly monitor seismic activity Introduce ‘traffic light monitoring system’, which determines whether to proceed with injection or not on the basis of seismic activity magnitude. The implementation of these mitigation strategies would help operators assess location of faults before fracking, monitor seismic activity and stop even if minor tremors occur. 4. Seismic activity due to waste water disposal Waste water is a by-product of fracking and is often disposed of by being injected, under pressure, into disposal wells. Waste water injection increases underground pore pressure and weakens nearby faults, lubricating them, and causing them to slip resulting in an earthquake. The magnitude of induced seismic activity from waste water disposal is larger than that of fracking because it involves injection of larger volumes of fluid over a timespan of months or years (as opposed to a few days for fracking) causing greater pressures to build up (The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering, 2012). The upper limit of magnitude of seismicity induced by disposal in 5 on the Richter scale (Majer et al, 2007). In the USA links between waste water disposal and seismicity were drawn when a cluster of earthquakes were noticed in the Guy-Greenbrier area of Arkansas. Since the first disposal wells became operational in April 2009 this area experienced an increase in the number of magnitude 2.5 (or greater) earthquakes, with one in 2007, two in 2008, ten in 2009 and fifty four in 2010 (Horton, 2012). Horton (2012) reports that 98% of the earthquakes occurred within 6 km of one of the disposal wells, began post-injection, increased when the rate of injection increased and tapered off when the well was shutdown. After an extensive study of the area it was noted that the waste water was being injected into an aquifer from where it increased pore pressure on an unknown fault triggering the earthquakes (Horton, 2012). Similar activity was observed in the Dallas Fort Worth area, where 11 ‘non-felt’ (magnitude less than 2 on the Richter scale) seismic events were recorded during the period between the 20th of November and 2nd of December 2008 (Frohlich et al, 2010). The epicentre of all 11 events was less than 0.5 km away from a disposal well thereby causing them to be classified as induced seismic events (Frohlich et al, 2010). Out of the thousands of disposal wells in the US only a handful have displayed seismic activity (Frohlich et al, 2010). The reason for this could be that most of the wells are drilled into porous, permeable rocks suitable for accommodating fluids and that injection induced triggering occurs only if the fluid reaches a favourably oriented fault (Frohlich et al, 2010). Mitigation: The Royal Society and The Royal Academy of Engineering (2012) have suggested steps that could be taken to mitigate the seismic activity due to waste water disposal: 1. Injection into active faults and brittle, non-porous rocks should be avoided 2. Pressure changes at depth should be minimised by reducing volume of fluid to be disposed. This could be done by building more wells to accommodate smaller volumes of fluid or injecting into highly permeable rocks. 3. A ‘traffic light monitoring system’ should be deployed to respond to seismicity. 5. Conclusion After analysis of data from shale gas plays in the US and UK it can be concluded that shale gas development is responsible for the increased seismic activity felt in these regions. It must be noted however that most cases of seismic activity had magnitudes well below what could be felt at the surface (Davies et al, 2013). According to the National Research Council (2013) hydraulic fracturing does not pose a high risk for inducing seismic activity while disposal of waste water into underground wells poses a greater risk due to the injection of larger volumes of waste water for longer durations of time. However, of the 30,000 wells in operation in the US, only 3 wells have displayed ‘felt’ seismic activity (Davies et al, 2013). A balanced approach should be taken while addressing this matter as other human activities (mining and oil recovery) are responsible for far greater incidences of induced seismicity (Davies et al, 2013). In order to allay public concerns and reduce risks associated with seismic activity the government should enforce certain regulations e.g. geological assessment of rock system at well site, deployment of ‘traffic monitoring system’, limitations on volume and rate of fluid injected and limitations on the proximity of wells to active seismic zones or critical facilities (hospitals, schools, nuclear power plants etc.). Coordinated efforts should be made between the government and industry to put in place a mechanism to respond to induced seismic events and gather comprehensive geological data from shale gas development sites to better understand why, how and where these events occur. References Davies, R., Foulger, G., Bindley, A. Styles, P. (2013) Induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing for the recovery of hydrocarbons. Marine and Petroleum Geology. 45 (0), 171-185. Davis, S. D. Frohlich, C. (1993) Did (or will) fluid injection cause earthquakes? -criteria for a rational assessment. Seismological Research Letters. 64 (3-4), 207-224. de Pater, C.J,Baish,S. (2011) Geomechanical Study of Bowland Shale Seismicity. Eisner,L.,Janskà ¡,E., OprÃ… ¡al,I.,MatouÃ… ¡ek,P. (2011) Seismic analysis of the events in the vicinity of the Preese Hall well. Cuadrilla Resources Ltd. Ellsworth, W. L. (2013) Injection-Induced Earthquakes. Science. 341 (6142). Frohlich, C., Potter, E., Hayward, C. Stump, B. (2010) Dallas-Fort Worth earthquakes coincident with activity associated with natural gas production. The Leading Edge. 29 (3), 270-275. Green,C.A.,Styles,P.,Baptie, B.J. (2012) Preese Hall Shale Gas Fracturing Review and Recommendations for Induced Seismic Mitigation. Horton, S. (2012) Disposal of Hydrofracking Waste Fluid by Injection into Subsurface Aquifers Triggers Earthquake Swarm in Central Arkansas with Potential for Damaging Earthquake. Seismological Research Letters. 83 (2), 250-260. Majer, E. L., Baria, R., Stark, M., Oates, S., Bommer, J., Smith, B. Asanuma, H. (2007) Induced seismicity associated with Enhanced Geothermal Systems. Geothermics. 36 (3), 185-222. National Research Council. (2013) Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies. Washington, DC, The National Academies Press. Sovacool, B. K. (2014) Cornucopia or curse? Reviewing the costs and benefits of shale gas hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 37 (0), 249-264.

Ku Klux Klan :: American History KKK

Ku Klux Klan During the nineteenth century, black people were treated as slaves. White governments introduced many laws to control their freedom. They could not vote. They were denied access to good jobs and to worthwhile education and well into the twentieth century they suffered great poverty. People from the USA wanted to prevent them from voting and holding office. They were called the Ku Klux Klan, it was organized in Pulaski, Tennesee, during the winter of 1865 to 1866 by six former confederate army officers who gave their society a name adapted from the Greek word Kuklos.The KKK used violence and intimidation to keep blacks segregated. They used parades, beatings, lynching, and other violent methods to intimidate blacks. The Ku Klux Klan, or KKK as known today, was started in the spring of 1866. Six Confederate veterans formed a social club in Pulaski, Tennessee. This KKK only lasted a short six years, but left tactics and rituals that later started in generations. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan was a small group very much in secrecy at first. The exact date of the beginning is unknown. Despite all of the secrecy the six KKK members initiated new members to join their social club. (Ingalls, 9) The Klan now started to spread across Tennessee. At first the Klan used tricks to keep blacks "in their place". At first, the Klan would ride around on horses, and with their white robes, and white pointed masks, try to scare blacks. They would try to act like ghost with their white uniforms. Unfortunately, the Klan quickly moved to more violent pranks. (Ingalls, 12) In 1869, General Forrest, the Grand Wizard of the KKK ordered Klansmen to restrict their activities. The Klan was getting out of control, and Congress passed a Ku Klux Klan Act in 1871. By the end of 1872, the federal crackdown had broken the back of the KKK. Because of the restriction and the Act passed violence was isolated but still continued. The KKK was dead, and Reconstruction lived on in southern legend . This would not be the last of the KKK. On the night of Thanksgiving in 1915, sixteen men from Atlanta, Georgia climbed to the top of Stone Mountain and built an altar of stones on which they placed an American flag. They then stood up a sixteen foot long cross and burned it. One week later, this group applied for a state charter making it "The Knights of the KKK, Inc.

Essay on The Yellow Wallpaper, A Rose for Emily and Babylon :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

The Yellow Wallpaper, A Rose for Emily and Babylon It is amazing how differently people see the world. People from different walks of life interpret everyday experiences in different ways. This is ever so apparent when discussing the gaps that occur in stories by great authors. In The Yellow Wallpaper, a woman is being "treated" by a doctor (her husband) for a condition he refers to as anxiety. She is placed in a room, apparently one that was previously inhabited by a mental patient, and told to rest. Over the course of a few weeks the woman begins to exhibit signs of paranoia and regularly has hallucinations. Through the course of the story, the woman continuously makes reference to the yellow wallpaper. The first, and possibly the greatest, gap in the story comes when interpreting the meaning(s) behind the wallpaper. Does the color yellow infer something about insanity? The woman repeatedly refers to the patterns that the peeling wallpaper makes. Do the patterns suggest order from chaos? It is apparent, from the number of times that it is mentioned, that the wallpaper plays a role in the mental changes the woman experiences (and details her changes) throughout the story. Part way through the story, she begins seeing a woman moving behind the wallpaper, as if trying to escape it. Is she actually seeing herself in the wallpaper, as suggested by Chris Tildon, or is the hallucination what she fears she is becoming? At the end of the story, she takes on the role of the "creeping" woman and follows a smudge around the room and over her fainted husband. This supports the idea that she is the woman that has been trapped in the paper. Maybe she feels trapped and tormented by John's lack of sympathy for her condition. Another story that benefits from gaps is Babylon Revisited by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The gaps in this story are numerous, but the most important gaps involve Charlie's previous bout with Alcoholism, and his struggle to retrieve his daughter Honoria. Charlie claims to be a reformed man. However, after reading deep into the story, it is apparent that Charlie plays a role in his own downfall. Does Charlie actually try to rid himself of his past, or is he actually perpetuating it? In the story, Charlie visits his old "haunts", maintains a "one drink a day" attitude, and inadvertently brushes elbows with a couple of old drinking buddies.

Education on health promotion Essay

The dissertation topic of this paper is â€Å"education on health promotion† and problem statement of this dissertation is â€Å"During an 18 month period, the researcher will design, implement and evaluate an HIV/AIDS health promotion program for inpatients in a non- profit hospital located in Los Angeles California. † The literature that has been used in the literature review is related to the topic in aspects of looking at how the health of patients can be promoted. This literature review provides the reader with an overview of the education on health promotion that is related with HIV/AIDS patients (http://library. ucsc. edu). The materials used are all relevant to the topic of discussion in the dissertation. A literature review is supposed to provide the reader with an overview of the research topic as expounded in the literature that has been used. In it, the researcher critically looks at how the authors have presented their information. The reliability and validity of the literature is analyzed and confirmed with the sources cited. Furthermore, in it the objectivity of the researcher is put under scrutiny and the various aspects of the information are evaluated. The ability of the author to persuade the reader on the theses they are talking about is also analyzed. How the literature contributes to the research topic at is also questioned and thus the value of the information is established. A literature review may either be the final product or be part of a research (http://www. isc. edu). In the body and conclusion of the literature review the writer will need to provide as summary of the studies that are found within the literature. Usually only the major contributions towards the research topic are discussed in the literature review. The much that one explains in the review is determined by the space and time available for the literature review. The problems identified in the research conducted by the authors of the literature are also noted during the literature review. Literature review Many scholars are in agreement that there is an urgent and necessary need for a research on the impact of education on health promotion. In regards to the problem statement posed for this topic which is â€Å"During an 18 month period the researcher will design implement and evaluate an HIV/AIDS health promotion program for in patients in a non profit hospital located in los Angeles California†, the literature that has been reviewed dwells specifically on cases that are related to HIV/AIDS. Le Blanc (1993) tries to understand to what extent the Americans know about HIV/AIDS. He tries to understand what sort of information they are familiar with, whether it is about how one can be infected or it is about how to manage the problem once it has been established that one has contracted the disease There has been growing concern of why the spread of HIV/AIDS is still high. The statistics show that the rate of infection is still high yet has been so much advancement made in recognizing how to avoid contracting it. The research is aimed at establishing why this is so and this is to be done in a non-profit making hospital so as to establish which other causes other than money are involved in the lack of protection from contracting the HIV virus. An alarmingly huge percentage of those who are infected do not even know it and may thus spread the virus unknowingly (Brandon W. R. 1999). Despite there being many ways of aiding those who are infected, if one does not know their positive sero-status there is no way that they can benefit from all the research that has been taking place. It has been identified that specific groups of people in the society do not benefit from the researches done because they are sidelined when it comes to obtaining information on the prevention and management of the ailment. Economic hardships experienced by both health workers and those in need of the information limits their ability to get this information (Grusky O. , Liu H. & Johnson M. 2002). This is because none is able to obtain the literature required to keep up to date with what is happening in the world of research. If the health care providers do not have the information then it is hard for the local layman to have more information than they have. Once a person is infected it is also difficult for them to access quality medical care if one does not have money to take care of this. The other people who are even denied medical care are the homosexuals. (Baumgartner T. C Jnr 1998). When it was first discovered, it was assumed to be a disease for the homosexuals and it was supposed to be a punishment for their ‘un-natural’ sexual tastes’. They were therefore stigmatized and up to date they are treated differently by some of the staff in the medical care centers. By ignoring the effects that their attitudes have on the psychology of these patients makes them unwilling to go to these centers to obtain medical care. There is therefore a need to look in to the emotional health of these people. There is also need to modify the medical curriculum so that it may accommodate the minorities in the teachings. This is because if has been noted that these people are not mentioned in the curriculum. It has also been established that the number of young people who are infected is very high and thus the need to introduce policies that will work to help these students live a normal life in school despite their positive serostatus (Committee on Pediatric AIDS 2000). These children have been seen as having the same cognitive ability as those who have tested negative for the virus and therefore should be allowed to attain as high an education as they can manage before the ravages of the disease catches up with them. In the United States, there have been laws and policies passed that protect the rights of such students. There are also outlines of how the school personnel should handle the students who are both affected and infected by the virus. The authors note various ways in which the HIV virus is transmitted and these include unsafe sexual practices, intravenous drug use and also being transmitted to the unborn child by the mother. The best place to provide health related education to young people is in the schools because that is where most young people are to be found everyday (Kolbe L. J. , Talley R. C. & Short R. J. 1999). By using schools to reach out to young people, the health service providers will be able to reach more youths especially those with inadequate resources and thus improve their health. Once the health issues of the youths have been addressed then it is easier for the students to perform much better in their academic pursuit. WHO describes health promotion as being the process that enables the people be able to increase their control over their health and thus be able to improve it. For the people to be able to lead wholesome lives, they have to be well psychologically emotionally and physically (WHO Europe 1986). There is therefore need for the incorporation of psychology treatment in the promotion of health (Leviton L. C 1996). Psychology seems to be aimed at temporally strategies while the public health infrastructure dwells more on long-term strategies. This then means that neither can work in the absence of the other and so they have to be coordinated for them to achieve optimum ability to promote health. It is very important that the ideological part of health promotion and practical part are all combined to bring about a wholesome outlook of the health promotion. (Davies J. K. & MacDonald G. 1998). This is where the ideas developed in psychology are put into practice through the public health infrastructure. There are questions raised on the effect of education relating to sexuality of the youths. There is a debate that it may cause early exploration of the youth about sex (http://www. seicus. org). However those who want it introduced and implemented in schools insist that it is important for it to be used in schools because it helps the youth have more information on sexual issues. Youths are already involved in sexual intercourse and it would be best for them to be educated on the safe practices that can be used to avoid unwanted pregnancies and infection by various STDS including HIV/AIDS infection. This will make them more aware of the various ways in which they can be able to protect themselves and thus promoting their own health. On top of this, there is a need for the academic personnel to be trained on how to deal with infected students. Not only are the teachers to learn how to deal with these students but also they go ahead to teach the rest of the students on how they should live with these students who are infected. The community in general has to be involved in the promotion of health promotion should always be the priority in the society and all the policies that are put in place should be aimed at improving their knowledge base concerning health. The various ways in which their health can be improved in terms of prevention and management should be adequately communicated to them through the various health providers found in the community. In doing this and further reducing the cost of attaining the health services the members of the community would be able to improve their ability to determine their health status and thus be more productive in the society.

Learning a Foreign Language

With the development of the world and the raising level of education, learning a foreign language has become a compulsory subject for every student. At the same time, the problem of learning foreign languages is extremely crucial. Foreign languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of education and has contributed to an overflow of information. Foreign languages are needed as the main and most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.A second language can be applied not only to science and technology, and sometimes it also used in people’s daily life. We all know that, whether you travel or business to another country, it will make your trip more relaxed and enjoyable that if you know the local language. Of course, this is just a basic purpose of learning a foreign language. I interviewed one of my friends about this topic, who called Flo and is a native English sp eaker and have been learning German for four years.I interviewed her about her experiences and viewpoints of learning a foreign language from many aspects, fortunately, I got some now ideas. There are many reasons to learn a foreign language, from studying and working in another country to communicating with foreigners, through travel, emigration and maybe just interest. When I asked Flo what is her purpose of learning German, she said that she had a trip in Germany when she was a child. At that time, she felt that German is a beautiful language, its pronunciation, and the way people speak it were deeply attracted her.So she began to learn German when she was in high school, and now, her major is German Business, so the purpose for her is changed. She said it is different from before when she studied German in high school, she studies German here is for learning the economic situation in Germany and also for looking for a career in Germany after graduation. As can be seen, reasons o f learning a foreign language are diverse. Sometimes you began to learn a foreign language just because it sounds good to you when it is spoken, and sometimes the information about the subject you chose s published mainly in a foreign language. Learning that language will make it easier to get the material you need. Learning a foreign language is useful but not easy. Its grammar, pronunciation, writing and vocabulary are always plagued language learners, they are totally different from your mother tongue, so there are a big deal of difficulties have to face for language learners. My interviewee said that the first big difficult she met is grammar. German grammar is more complex than English grammar, it has a lot of the old rules need to keep in mind, and it is less flexible than English.Although in some aspects, these two languages are similar, for example, the subordinate clause. But it is still not easy to master German completely for her. What’s more, the pronunciation is also a big problem for Flo. She showed me that in German letters, in addition to the A(a),O(o),U(u) and? , other letters written look not much different from English letters, but the pronunciations are totally different, she always confuse the pronunciation of two languages.Obviously, learning a foreign language is not that easy, we need to learn its grammar, writing, pronunciation and vocabulary, or even need to known about the culture and history of the country that speaks this language. This is the only way to fully grasp a foreign language. When we understand the purpose of learning a foreign language and what difficulties we will face when we study this language, the most important thing next is how to learn a new language. Because as long as you have a correct language learning method, you can quickly, completely and high efficiently master a language without fool’s errands.Flo told me that, at the beginning of learning German, she didn’t know how to learn it, ju st blind to see some German movies and news on TV, so during that time, her German level of progress is very slow. Though classroom learning, she began to know some correct methods of learning a new language. The best way for her is using the internet resources after classes, as we all know that the resource on the Internet is infinite, most of the time, we can get anything we want from the Internet, especially for language study, we can find some language learning audios, videos, articles and even online courses.So making good use of network resources have a negligible effect on people when they are studying a foreign language. And we cannot ignore that, at the same time, the way to learn a language is to practice speaking it as often as possible. Language is diverse. In people’s day-to-day conversation, we prefer to speak informal language with some slangs, it makes people communicate simple and not binding. Language is a collective human creation, reflecting human nature, how we conceptualize reality, how we relate to one another.Said by STEVEN PINKER, the author of The Language Instinct. Language is for the exchange of ideas, for the communication, so language is the most crucial tool for people to communicate, but only one language is not enough, form my point of view, learning a foreign language is necessary if you want to know more about the world. As long as you want to learn a new language, learning foreign languages should be fun.